AIDS :: AIDS Essays

Scientists have concluded, based on mathematical research, that the virus that lead to the epidemic of AIDS can be traced all the way back to 1930, somewhere around Central Africa. Bette Korber, of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, presented this conclusion at the Conference of Retroviruses. The notion that HIV was introduced in contaminated oral polio vaccines in Africa between the years of 1957 and 1961 has been often debated and challenged. The results presented by Korber, not only refute the before mentioned allegations, but also move us toward finding out where the virus really came from and in which direction it is heading in the future. The first sample discovered in 1959 comes from a man in Congo, who died as a member of the M class of HIV, the type that most people are infected with today. However old the virus was, it was evident that it wasn’t the first of its kind. The reason that the virus was ever connected to polio is because in the same year of 1959, the introduction of oral polio vaccines, supposedly tested on chimpanzees, came to the continent of Africa. However in reality, states Stanley Plotkin of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, â€Å"the introduction of HIV in chimpanzees occurred well before the polio vaccine.† The machine used in the process of determination is the Los Alamos Nirvana Machine, which is capable of making one trillion calculations per second. After plugging in dates, formulas and locations, the Nirvana located the origin of the HIV virus as being 1930, however the range of error shows that it could have been anywhere from 1915 to 1942. The Nirvana was also able to determine that the virus appeared in the Caribbean Islands such as Haiti, in the 1960’s, while it came to America more than ten years later. It is quite definite that the virus came from chimpanzees in the area around Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African rainforest. It most probably passed onto the hunters while they were butchering the animals. After that, the virus has taken on six different strands, and is spread in humans mostly through sexual intercourse. Issue The matter being discussed here is the AIDS epidemic. AIDS and the HIV virus are very real issues in the world and especially in America. Whether it is the needle of the syringe of a junkie, a blood transfusion or the exchange of bodily fluids, people are getting infected and dying every day with this disease, and there is no remedy.

Artillery Ww1

On Sunday, June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, Bosnia, an 18-year-old Serbian named Gavrilo Princip, shot and killed Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie while they were driving in a convertible. Princip belonged to a secret terror society, called the Black Hand, that wanted to unite Bosnia with Serbia, and rid itself of Austrian rule. The assassination led to the first World War. This terrible conflict lasted over 4 years, involved over 30 nations, and claimed more than 20,000,000 lives, both military and civilian.It cost billions of dollars, destroyed Europe, and crumbled empires. The biggest cause of death in the war was artillery fire, which accounted for 60% of all deaths on the western front. In the rocky landscape of the desert (where artillery was more effective) they caused almost 75% of all deaths. The Battle of Verdun started on the 21st of February, 1916. In the battle, artillery was used to barrage the enemy lines and force retreat. The Germans were armed with FK16’s (77 mm field artillery) and Morser 10’s (210 mm heavy howitzer’s).While the French retaliated with canon de 75 M1897’s (75 mm field artillery), canon de 155 C M1915 (155 mm field howitzer), and Mortier de 280 M1914 Schneider’s (280 mm siege howitzer). The battle of Verdun was the longest of the entire war and stole countless lives on both sides. The Germans lost 100,000 soldiers, while the French buried close to 165,000 brave men after the battle had come to a close. In total, the battle produced 714,231 casualties. The picture above was taken on February 21,1916, in Verdun, France during the first engagement of the battle.The French had just received a German bombardment to their front most trench. Soon after this picture was taken, the French were forced to retreat, for the Germans had superior man power and artillery count. In the picture, a man sits next to a place where an Artillery shell has detonated inside the trench killing many sol diers. When a shell hits it is unanticipated; a blur of mud and metal. A shell can be anywhere between the size of a man’s arm to his entire body. Imagine that dropping out of the sky loaded with tons of explosives. The scariest thing about them was they could hit anywhere at anytime.This picture is meant to show the brutality of artillery warfare. The angle of the man lying in the mud is depicted gruesomely, and the look on the soldier’s face behind him begs the question â€Å"Why am I here? † Pictures just like this were taken throughout the war and clearly show how much blood was spilled and how many young brave souls were lost. The Battle of Verdun ended with no clear victor on December 13, 1916. The German general said his goal was to â€Å"bleed the French army white. † Indeed he did, but not before suffering 435,000 casualties. A picture is worth a thousand words, but was this conflict worth millions of lives?

Biodegradable Plastics from Cassava Starch

EWB-UK Workshop Guide Make your own Bio-Plastic Description A workshop focusing on the problems of plastics made by fossil fuels and a look into making your own bio-plastic. At a glance Total time: 1 hour Learning Styles: Visual, auditory, practical, participatory, teamwork Objectives: To learn about the challenges facing fossil fuel plastics and how to make your own bio-plastic Audience: Anyone Max/Min no. of participants: N/A (Dependant on amount of materials) Timetable Time| Activity| Equipment| 5 minutes| Welcome | | 15 minutes| Introduction| | 30 minutes| Practical| See material and tools list| minutes| Closing| Sign-ups for email| Materials Per batch of bio plastic (Ideally per person): * 100g of potato * 300cm3 of distilled water * 25ml of water * 3cm3 of hydrochloric acid or vinegar * 2ml pure glycerol * 3cm3 sodium hydroxide * Food colouring Tools * Grater * Pestle & Mortar * Strainer * Beaker/Jars * Measuring cylinder/jug * Weighing scales * Indicator Paper * Portable hob P reparation * Prepare equipment, tools and materials * Prepare sign-up sheets for new members Room requirements * An area suitable for doing hands on work and mixing liquids * Kitchen for source of heat.Use portable hobs if this isn’t possible Welcome (5 minutes) Introduce yourself: * Your Name * Position/Job/Organisation * Your role in the workshop * Relevant experience to the workshop (University, projects, work etc. ) Explain the learning objectives of the workshop to the audience: The purpose of the workshop is for participants to learn about the problems surrounding plastics made by fossil fuels. This is done in the introduction presentation. Afterwards, participants get to make their own bio-plastic in a hands-on practical. Participants will be able to take the plastic home with them at the end of the workshop.Introduction (15 Minutes) A presentation on the challenges facing fossil fuel plastics. Plastic is the common term used for a variety of synthetic or semi syntheti c materials used in manufacturing. Plastics are traditionally made from polymers and normally created from petroleum products. Plastics have become so popular to do their advantageous features. They are malleable, versatile and very cheap compared to other materials. The problem with plastics is their dependency on petroleum, i. e. oil. Currently about 8% of the world’s oil is used to make plastics.This is compared to 4% for raw materials and 4% for energy. The other major problem is waste; currently about 35% of litter is a plastic based product. Bio plastic currently offers one solution to the problem. Bio plastic is formed from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable oil or corn starch. Like conventional plastics; all bio plastics are biodegradable given enough time. However also like conventional plastics; some bio plastics take so long to degrade they are considered non-biodegradable. A significant number of bio plastics will only biodegrade given very specific condi tions.Most people assume the term bio plastic means it will biodegrade; it actually refers to its biomass source. This leads to the advantages and disadvantages of bio plastics: Advantages: They are made from plant based sources so don’t use any fossil fuels. Disadvantages: The majority of bio plastic manufacturing plants use oil or fossil fuels to power them. Currently there is still a need for fossil fuels for a large scale plant. When growing resources for bio plastic it can create large scale mono-cropping problems. This can lead to the destruction of areas like the rain forest.The solution is to produce bio plastic on a small scale with biodiversity in mind. The crop should be sustainable and the process should renewably powered. One method for doing this is to produce bio plastic from locally grown potatoes. The chemistry bit: Potato starch is made from two carbohydrate polymers, amylose and amylopectin. To make bio plastic the amylopectin needs to be broken down. This way the starch can be plasticised. For a more technical audience you may choose to extend this section and continue further with the science behind the process. Further reading will be required however.Practical (30 minutes) The step by step instructions for making the bio-plastic For making bio-plastic highly accurate measurements are not required 1. Grate about 100g of potato into a pestle & mortar 2. Add 100cm3 distilled water to the potato and grind in a pestle and mortar 3. Strain the liquid off, and repeat adding distilled water, grinding and straining twice more. 4. Leave to settle for 5 minutes 5. Strain the water off, leaving the starch behind. 6. Put 25ml water into a beaker and add 5g starch (10g wet) and 3cm3 hydrochloric acid (Use vinegar if you can’t get hold of it) and 2ml pure glycerol. 7.Bring to the boil for 15 minutes, ensuring it doesn’t boil dry 8. Using indicator paper and sodium hydroxide to neutralise the solution (probably about 3cm3). 9. Add a few drops of colouring to the mixture and mix in. 10. Pour the mixture out, and mould into your preferred shape. 11. Leave to dry out and set. Once the mixture sets the plastic is complete. The amount of glycerol used affects the stiffness of the mixture. The less glycerol used the stiffer the plastic will be. Closing (5 minutes) Final few words: * Announce next event or meeting * Distribute sign up lists (If applicable) * Open the floor to questions

The Kids Dont Stand A Chance Professor Ramos Blog

The Kids Dont Stand A Chance Young people are often asked to endure hardships or overcome challenges they are not adequately equipped to handle. Unfortunately, the young person is generally still held primarily culpable for the fall out regardless of external factors. As a result, traumatized young people can easily become a part of the same cyclical actions that caused their pain and suffering. I believe this is precisely what happened to Clemencia, the protagonist, in â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican.† Clemencia comes from a severely divided family which not only plays a role in skewing her perspective of love and commitment but also means she lacks a support structure. As if the divide within Clemencia’s family and more specifically her parents was not enough of an obstacle Clemencia faces a deeper cultural and racial divide. Clemencia’s mother, father and grandfather are considered to be ethnically the same but in fact come from extremely different upbringings and have very few shared cultura l ties. With multiple factors pulling her family a part at the seams Clemencia turned to her professor; someone whom should of been a pillar of guidance or at the very least a supportive figure in her time of need. Instead Clemencia becomes enthralled in a twisted affair with Drew, her professor, a married man nearly twice her age. At the tender age of nineteen Clemencia was asked to grow up and be the morally righteous figure in a sea of indecency and indifference. Is her failure to do so truly her burden? Or does it rest on the adults who placed Clamencia in this situation asking her to rise where they had fallen short. Clemencia’s mother married her father when she was only seventeen and immediately they began a family together. Her mother was never shy about expressing her disdain for this choice as she grew older. Feeling alienated by her age and her lack of mexican heritage, having been born in America, Clemencia’s mother laments to her daughters, â€Å"never marry a mexican† a lesson she would ingrain into her children. Never is her distaste for her life more prevalent than when Clemencia’s father falls gravely ill. Clemencia recalls agonizing next to her father while he withered away. Meanwhile her mother was preoccupied with building another life for herself. â€Å"That man she met at work† Clemencia recounts â€Å"Owen Lamnbert, the foreman at the photo-finishing plant, who she was seeing even while my father is sick. Even then. That’s what I can’t forgive†(Cisneros 1992). This illustrates that while Clemencia faces the death of her fat her she must also confront the death of her family as she knows it and the end of her relationship with her mother. Furthermore Clemencia’s idea of love and marriage has been permenentaly warped by watching her mother turn away from her father in his time of need. This point is reinforced once more later on in Clemencia’s life when Ximena wishes to return to their childhood home. â€Å"Shit!† Clemencia seems to almost laugh, â€Å"Because she knew as well as I did there was no home to go to. Not with our mother. Not with the man she married.† Clemencia is left to fend for herself both in a literal sense and in how she processes the pain she is enduring while her mother starts a new. Few topics raise more troubling questions than race in America and Clemencia is far from exempt from the issue. The child of a native born Mexican man and an American born Mexican woman Clemencia watches as her mother struggles to confine herself within the traditional role of a wife and housekeeper. This is shown explicitly in how Clemencia’s mother instructs her daughters to stay away from all men of hispanic heritage. â€Å"I guess she did it to spare me and Ximena the pain she went through.† recalls Clemencia â€Å"Having married a Mexican man at seventeen. Having had to put up with all the grief a Mexican family can put on a girl because she was from el otro lado, the other side, and my father had married down by marrying her† (Cisneros 1992). Here we see very obvious strain being placed on Clemencia’s mother as well as the burden of being seen as less than by her husbands family. However, another point made evident is that it isn’t only Clemen cia’s mother struggling with racial and cultural identity. Clemencia’s father also struggles as he remembers a rich and relatively extravagant lifestyle in Mexico city which clashes with his current reality in America as well as Clemencia’s grandfather’s memories of the depression. With so many conflicting ideas of racial identity being forced onto Clemencia it becomes easy to understand how she could develop a tribal mentality as means of justifying her role as Drew’s mistress. â€Å"I was sleeping with your father and didn’t give a damn about that woman, your mother. If she was a brown woman like me, I might’ve had a harder time living with myself, but since she’s not, I don’t care† (Cisneros 1992). Clemencia Clemencia’s descent into what on the surface seems to be madness is actually just learned behaviors and corruption brought on by her trusted professor, Drew. Clemencia’s inexplicable desire to control Drew’s actions and hurt his wife omnipotently is a desperate attempt by Clemencia to hold some power over a family she feels she is keeping together. Unfortunately, Clemencia is confronted by the reality of her position as the other woman and takes aim instead at Drew’s son. â€Å"I’ve been waiting patient as a spider all these years, since I was nineteen and he was just an idea hovering in his mother’s head, and I’m the one that gave him permission and made it happen, see† (Cisneros 1992). After her experience with Drew: Clemencia was left a victim, powerless and empty, she is young and heavily traumatized. Her grotesquely grandiose plan seems incredibly plausible. And in fact her act of laying with Drew while his child is born an d going onto lay with his child once he is a young man speaks to the cyclical nature of abuse. â€Å"You were ashamed to be so naked. Pulled back. But I saw you for what you are, when you opened yourself for me. When you were careless and let yourself through†¦ I was taking you in that time† (Cisneros 1992). Her malicious, controlling and selfish nature illustrates more clearly than anything before that Clemencia has taken her place within a sorely twisted cycle. Clemencia may not have been the most morally righteous or well intending character but I contest that her failures do not sit entirely upon her shoulders. Children raised in broken families seek structure and are easily malleable to any set of ideals pushed upon them by a trusted figure. Clemencia’s early life left her in pieces which were later picked up by an older professor and rearranged solely to his liking. Statistics show that when a child’s parents divorce daughters specifically are sixty percent more likely to face broken marriages themselves (Divorce Statistics and Facts: What Affects Divorce Rates in the U.S.? 2019). While another recent study revealed that â€Å"potent â€Å"sleeper effects† emerge over longer developmental time spans than previously documented† (Trickett, Noll, Putnam 2011). These extenuating factors shine some light on Clemencia’s position as a troubled person but not a villain. With overwhelming odds working against her Clemencia was sorely in need of guidance and wisdom but received only selfish, ill-willed, contempt for her own life. Everyone is responsible for their own decisions as an adult but I believe it to be an act of willful ignorance to turn a blind eye to the events that constructed Clemencia’s circumstances. Absent any one of the many detrimental events in her early life or the rapid and complete deterioration of her support structure Clemencia likely would not of acted as she did. The true villain of this story, in my opinion, is Drew beyond a shadow of doubt. He alone took hold of a position of power and used it malicely pushing Clemencia over the proverbial edge. Cisneros, Sandra. WOMAN HOLLERING CREEK. 1992, Kobo. â€Å"Divorce Statistics and Facts: What Affects Divorce Rates in the U.S.?† Wilkinson Finkbeiner, LLP, 2019, www.wf-lawyers.com/divorce-statistics-and-facts/. Trickett, Penelope K., et al. â€Å"The Impact of Sexual Abuse on Female Development: Lessons from a Multigenerational, Longitudinal Research Study.† Development and Psychopathology, vol. 23, no. 2, 2011, pp. 453–476., doi:10.1017/s0954579411000174.

Dont Waste Decimate

Dont Waste Decimate Don’t Waste â€Å"Decimate† Don’t Waste â€Å"Decimate† By Maeve Maddox A member of the DWT Forum called my attention to a strange use of the verb â€Å"decimate†: . . . today I came across a . . . usage that was new to me: A pundit said that Obamas failure to get his health care bill passed would have led to the decimation of his presidency. Decimate derives from decem, the Latin word for â€Å"ten.† It originated in a Roman military practice. To enforce discipline in the ranks, Roman officers dealt with a breach of duty by one legionary by punishing the soldier’s entire company. The men would be assembled and told to count off. Every tenth man was killed. The company had been decimated. It would be ridiculous in the 21st century to insist on using decimate only with its original meaning. However, it does make sense to confine the word to the sense of eliminating part of a group. H.W. Fowler stated that the meaning of decimate â€Å"is naturally extended to the destruction in any way of a large proportion of anything reckoned by number, e.g. a population is decimated by the plague. I expect that Fowler would classify â€Å"decimate his presidency† as a Slipshod Extension. Here are some more questionable uses from the web: Irrevocable mistakes can decimate an inherited IRA I hope, no I pray that I am wrong, but tonight, that wonderful audacious inspiring Presidential candidate will politically decimate his presidency and legacy. Bushs star-tinged vision decimated by his own budget And sadly, even with his departure, there remains [sic] far too many, who supported his efforts to decimate our democracy and delay efforts to stop those who lay waste to the world’s climate. Here, also from the internet, are some appropriate uses of decimate: We have to make decisions and deal with the economy. We’re not going to cut, cut, cut,† he said. â€Å"Because we cannot afford to decimate programs across the board. The ruling Zanu PF party continues with a covert plan, hatched by the Joint Operations Command (JOC) soon after the March elections, to completely decimate the MDC structures despite winning the June presidential poll run-off, the opposition party has said. Global Warming Will Decimate Arctic Peoples Decimate is a useful word. The indiscriminate use of it to mean merely â€Å"destroy,† chips away at the special sense of eliminating a large proportion of a group of people or things. Suggested alternatives: the ruination of his presidency mistakes can deplete/demolish/eradicate an inherited IRA politically destroy his presidency and legacy. vision shattered by his own budget who supported his efforts to demolish/exterminate our democracy Careful writers will weigh what they mean by decimate before throwing it into a sentence just because it sounds fashionable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?The Difference Between "will" and "shall"A "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Case Study for ODP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

Case Study for ODP - Essay Example On the other hand, it is important for the patients to know their rights involved in the delivery of care to prevent misconduct and malpractices that can lead to harm. In cases of malpractice and misconduct during the delivery of care, the patients’ needs to report to the relevant authorities for appropriate actions to be undertaken (Szalados 2007, p. 318). The case study presented in an effort to exploring the legal, ethical and professional conducts surrounding it that entail confidentiality, advocacy, accountability, and consent. Thus, the paper will analyze the four legal and ethical principles in care delivery system in accordance with the case study. Ethical theory, legal issues, roles of the parties involved and relevant laws will be discussed under legal and ethical topic as well as the examination of the ethical decision-making incorporated. The philosophy of ethics has attracted the attention of many people, including researchers and experts in various fields of knowledge. In medicine, just as in sociology and other related disciplines, the term has been widely used to define appropriate behaviour of nurses and other operating department practitioners while executing their mandates (Van De Camp, Vernooij-Dassen, Grol & Bottema, 2004, p. 698). Owing to its wide application in different fields of knowledge, the term ethics has been defined differently by different people depending on their areas of specialization and contexts in question (Savage, Chilingerian & Powell, 2005, p. 21). A lot of medical literatures are in agreement with the definition provided of ethics being the philosophical discipline that studies how nurses and other operating department practitioners are expected to behave, or how to determine between right and wrong while interacting with others, especially with patients (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013, p. 36). Operating department practitioners are expected to uphold their ethical standards to ensure that their actions are in line

Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational behavior - Essay Example However, when applying theories to human beings, society as a whole, how business is conducted, and to life experiences the value of the truth of theories can become a matter of perspective; there are so many variables it can be much more difficult. When presented with the theory that college students spend immense amounts of money and place themselves in ,massive debt in order to gain this education on a world of theories that are ultimately worthless; therefore making that time and effort wasted and education an overall scam (Geneen, 1984). This seems to be a vey arbitrary statement and self negating. If all theories are, as posed, are nonsense would that not include his own immediate theory that â€Å"theories† in general are worthless; would that not include his own? He negates his own position with his own statement. Students seeking their MBAs are taught all of the theories, not just for future application, but to teach the history of organization business behaviors have evolved. Learning them will gain you knowledge and high grades, even many of those theories prove impractical in some businesses settings. Today’s businesses are quite different from the types of businesses that were established in another era; they are more diverse, multi-cultural, and, sometimes, international in nature. Modern businesses must be as diversified and those they serve, as well as, those you employ and manage. Education has a great value. The efforts and expense of an education are not pointless. Theories are not worthless. If nothing else they are a lesson in different approaches and applications those theories, for better or worse, can be learned from. However, today they must be less rigid; they are not mathematical formulas where there is only one right answer. Some companies like someone well versed in the theories of business even if their application is limited within the business, while others prefer free thinkers not individuals that simply regurgitate