Chocolate Milk As A Sports Recovery Drink Physical Education Essay

Chocolate Milk As A Sports Rec everyplacey Drink forcible Education EssaySports foxs are a highly lucrative business with many suspensors believing they significantly improve performance. However juvenile seek analysing the probable of low-fat draw as a post-exercise recuperation aid has shown that highly commercialised carbohydrate-based sports befuddles may be less beneficial.I get down witnessed the rebranding of drinks such as spoil Refuel being pack long timed in sports bottles and using athlete endorsement and am interested in its effectiveness in intermittent sports. As a badminton player, I am keen to see whether low-fat milk can be use to aid recuperation in varying-intensity intermittent sports.Also, there is currently a new campaign, Milk it for all its Worth, run by the Dairy Council following funding by the EU aiming to promote the health benefits of milk in young person people (Dairy Council, 2010). in that respectfore, it is a good time to be conducting research in this area.TitleIs post-exercise consumption of coffee tree milk a suitable recovery drink following glycogen-depleting exercise in male badminton players?Literature ReviewRoy (2008) reviewed the current research on milk and its potential as a sports drink. He prize that the limited research in this field has been conducted into the recovery from opponent training and endurance sports. The available research suggests milk favourably alters protein metabolism and is more solid food dense than commercial sports drinks. This review likewise recognises the need for further research into the possible applications and efficacy of milk as a recovery drink.Recent research has shown that milk consumption immediately and one hour after exercise, is effective for strength and resistance training athletes to increase ponderosity mass, encourage type II muscle fibre hypertrophy and promote loss of fat mass leading to leaner mass and favourable change in body composition, (Hartman et al. 2007 and Josse et al. 2010). This is local as young women in particular exclude dairy products believing them to be fattening (Josse et al. 2010). Hartman et al. (2007) turn uped whether consuming fat-free milk post resistance exercise would promote greater lean mass accretion compared to consumption of soy or an isoenergetic carbohydrate drink in young novice weightlifters. They employ a relatively large sample size, increasing reliability. Josse et al. (2010) conducted an equivalent experiment in female athletes producing exchangeable results, verifying Hartman et al.s method. Josse et al. (2010) also theorised milk consumption may fork out light-emitting diode to increased bone health however more research is needed for verification.Cockburn et al. (2010) investigated the most effective timing for consumption of a milk recovery drink. They investigated consumption before muscle damaging exercise, immediately after and 24 hours later. The study produced the recommend ation that athletes overhear milk immediately post-exercise, which would allow the athlete to perform at closer to optimal levels 48 hours later. This corresponds with recommendations from Pritchett et al. (2009). Precise recommendations perplex been given as 50-75g of carbohydrate consumed 30-45 minutes post-exercise and 1.0-1.5g of carbohydrate.kg-1.h-1 for next few hours (Ivy et al. 2002).Research has also been conducted into the effectiveness of milk for rehydration. Shirreffs et al. (2007) found milk an effective recovery aid following mild exercise-induced dehydration. They compared low-fat milk, low-fat milk with added sodium chloride, a sports drink and water at restoring changeable balance post-exercise. A multitude equal to 150% of the volume of body mass lost during exercise was consumed 20 minutes post-exercise to ensure enough rehydration. All four drinks initially hydrated participants. However, the gastric emptying rate of milk is much slower than for sports drin ks and water. This gave a greater percentage of drink belongings with the milk drinks and the subjects remained in a net positive fluid balance and euhydrated at the end of the recovery period (Shirreffs et al. 2007). Conversely, the sports drink and water increased piddle output resulting in a net negative fluid balance. There was no difference between the both milk drinks possibly because low-fat milk already contains a moderate quantity of sodium, higher than most commercial sports drinks. Research is needed to compare milk and sports drinks containing the same electrolyte content to confirm whether it is the haemodilution effect of sports drinks that led to a negative fluid balance.Low-fat chocolate milk contains the same nutritional benefits as low-fat milk but has been found to be more palatable than common carbohydrate replacement drinks (Pritchett et al. 2009). Karp et al. (2006) found chocolate milk an effective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts. Their study on endurance-trained cyclists come to glycogen-depleting exercise, a recovery period in which test drinks were consumed and a test to exhaustion. The research showed that both the time to exhaustion and the total work performed was significantly greater following the consumption of chocolate milk compared to a carbohydrate replacement drink with subjects cycling for 49% longer (Karp et al. 2006). However the chocolate milk had no significant difference compared with the fluid replacement drink.The carbohydrate content of the three different drinks in this research were equal, which had not been addressed in previous studies and produced separate results showing no significant difference in performance between the different drinks. However the types of carbohydrates and calorie content of the drinks were unequal. Both the chocolate milk and fluid replacement drinks contained a mixture of monosaccharides and disaccharides compared to the complex carbohydrates present in the c arbohydrate replacement drink. This may account for the results as the complex carbohydrates may not have effectly digested in the 4 hour recovery period. Also the greater number of calories in the chocolate milk may have accounted for the improved performance.doubting Thomas et al. (2009) addressed this problem with a study comparing isocaloric chocolate milk and carbohydrate replacement drinks with an isovolumetric fluid. The protocol was also a submaximal (70% VO2max) endurance exercise pass in a glycogen- taked state. Participants cycled for 51% longer and 43% longer with post-exercise chocolate milk consumption compared to consumption of carbohydrate replacement and fluid replacement drinks severally (Thomas et al. 2009). This further supports the usage of chocolate milk as an effective post-exercise recovery drink, following prolonged endurance exercise. This research focuses on endurance athletes and the test to exhaustion is at a moderate intensity suggesting fat may be t he predominant fuel source. The increased fat content of chocolate milk and subsequent increased concentrations in free fatty acids circulating in the plasma could account for the increased time to exhaustion, suggesting carbohydrate replacement drinks may be a more beneficial recovery aid when working at higher intensities. Therefore, this research shows chocolate milk to only be a good recovery aid for moderate endurance exercise. Furthermore, this research was partially funded by Mars U.K. Ltd. which could be a potential source for bias.More recent research has analyse this area, finding chocolate milk to be an effective recovery aid for cyclists after intense exercise. (Pritchett et al. 2009). The ratio of carbohydrate to protein in chocolate milk is similar to that in carbohydrate recovery drinks and therefore may help attenuate muscle damage post-exercise. Pritchett et al. (2009) compared chocolate milk and a carbohydrate replacement drink as recovery aids. They investigated the time to exhaustion working at 85% VO2max following intermittent high-intensity training and a 15-18 hour recovery period. Their study showed chocolate milk and carbohydrate replacement drinks are equally effective in attenuating muscle soreness. Time to exhaustion was not significantly different between the two drinks.The study by Pritchett et al. (2009) used drinks that were isocaloric and had equal carbohydrate content. The recovery period was 15-18 hours to allow complex carbohydrates to be broken down and participants worked at 85% VO2max during the test to exhaustion to ensure a greater reliance on carbohydrates as the main fuel source. Despite all this, the participants used to test milk as a recovery aid for high-intensity training were endurance trained cyclists. Therefore this is unrepresentative of athletes who participate in high-intensity intermittent sports.There has been only one recent study into the effects of milk consumption in team sports (Gilson et al. 2010). Training programmes for competitive sports containing varying-intensity intermittent exercise such as football have been shown to deplete muscle glycogen stores. Such programmes should produce similar results in badminton players. Gilson et al. (2010) found that post-exercise chocolate milk compared to carbohydrate consumption had no preferential effect on short-duration, high-intensity exercise. The exercise regime in this study may not have been of an adequate intensity to impair muscle recovery which could explain the results as increases in training volumes were relatively modest.The above evidence shows low-fat milk based drinks to be suitable for rehydration and recovery from endurance and strength training. However, it fails to reach a firm death on whether they are more effective than carbohydrate drinks and lacks analysis on physiological reasons behind the findings. For example, none of these studies directly measures the efficacy of milk to promote muscle glycogen recov ery following endurance exercise only performance is analysed. Admittedly this is harder to achieve. The lack of research into the efficiency of milk as a post-exercise recovery drink to varying-intensity intermittent exercise sports, despite the large market for recovery drinks in this field of sport, has prompted my research. The aim is to find through similar testing as in the studies reviewed whether chocolate milk can be an effective aid for those who participate in varying-intensity intermittent sport, focusing on badminton players.Research problemThere provide be no significant difference in the time to exhaustion from high-intensity intermittent shuttle running following the consumption of chocolate milk and an isocaloric carbohydrate-based drink during a recovery period post glycogen-depleting exercise.MethodSamplingCounty-level, healthy, male badminton players between the ages of 18-30 depart be used (n=14). Other studies have used a sample size of 9 so whilst being real istic the increase should provide more reliable results. Well-trained athletes departing be used to avoid mood or learning impacting performance. The standard testament be defined as a minimum of 6 hours training per week, playing for their county and minimum of 3 years playing badminton. The Leicestershire Badminton Association (LBA) provide be contacted to provide the participants needed. Snowball ingest may be used to gain participants or random sampling to reduce numbers if necessary. Lactose intolerance volunteers will be excluded.ProcedureThe mental process will be based on the Thomas et al. (2009) study, but will focus on intermittent exercise. This will be a crossover and fully counter-balanced study. Each participant will complete glycogen-depleting exercise to exhaustion, followed by a recovery period and an observational trial on three occasions. Participants will be asked to arrive in a fully rested, hydrated state and to have refrained from strenuous exercise for 24 hours. They will be required to complete a 3 day food diary prior to each trial. They will be asked to arrive at the same time of day for each trial to minimise diurnal variation and this will be in the break of day following an overnight fast.Participants will come for a familiarisation trial where they will be fully informed of all the risks and basic measurements such as height, mass, age and frequency of participation will be recorded. They will therefore be required to do a VO2max test, see Ramsbottom et al. (1988) for method, from which the running speeds for 55% and 95% will be calculated. They will also have a trial at the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) (see Nicholas et al. (2000) for method) to familiarise themselves. During this they will be able to consume water ad libitum. In the following experimental trials they will be encouraged to consume an equal amount.Experimental SessionsFollowing a warm-up, participants will complete the LIST (Nicholas et a l. 2000). Heart rate monitors will be fitted and record heart rate every 15 seconds during exercise using short-range radio telemetry. put of perceived exertion using Borgs 6-20 scale will be recorded every 15 minutes. Sprint propagation in one direction over 15 metres using two infrared photo-electric cells and computer software will also be recorded throughout the test. Following completion of the LIST they will be given one of the two experimental drinks Mars Refuel Chocolate Milk (CM) or carbohydrate replacement drink Endurox R4 Chocolate (CR). The volume of CR will be calculated to provide 1 g carbohydrate.kg-1 body mass. The volume of CM will be calculated to give an isocaloric amount. The drinks will be placed into opaque bottles by a laboratory assistant not directly involved in the test. Recovery drinks will be designate to the participants by a coin-toss. Once half the sample has been assigned to one drink the remaining participants will be given the other for the first experimental trial. Participants will be given the alternative drink during the second trial. An equal total amount of carbohydrate will be given to the participants immediately post-exercise and 2 hours into the recovery period.Although the LIST does not replicate the situation of a badminton match, it does include the correct type of exercise used in training and often during tournaments players have long waiting periods. A total recovery time of 4 hours will be given representing this waiting period. During this time water may be consumed ad libitum in the first trial. This will be recorded and they will be encouraged to consume the same amount in trial 2. later on the recovery period participants will be required to complete the LIST again. The time to exhaustion and variables previously measured will be recorded. Participants will then be asked to return one week later in the same state as previously described, replicating their diet 24 hours before the trial. The experimental procedure for trial 2 will be the same, however participants will be given the opposite recovery drink. A placebo is not being used as it has already been shown in many studies that post-exercise consumption of carbohydrate improves recovery. If at any point during the trials the participant wishes to stop or their health and safety becomes compromised the experiment will be stopped.Statistical AnalysisStatistical analysis will be used on the collected data using SPSS (version 17). The time to exhaustion, sprint times and heart rates following consumption of the two drinks will be compared as will the results for the initial LIST and post-recovery LIST. The significance level for tests will be P

The Significance Of Larmor Frequency In Mri English Language Essay

The Signifi green goddessce Of Larmor Frequency In Mri English Language EssayWhen a mag meshingic field is use to an piece, the nuclear spin willing be orientated with the field. The spin allows absorption of a photon of relative frequency L, which is dependent on the charismatic field applied.L = * BIn the equivalence above, B is the magnetic field, is the gyromagnetic ratio and L is the larmor frequency. When atoms are placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the nuclei of the atom have varying larmor frequencies payable to the equation.(b) Why does the RF field have to be applied exactly at the Larmor frequency to tip the net nuclear magnetisation?Some nuclei are said to be twin to the magnetic field with some nuclei orientated anitparallel which are at a higher cypher separate. The energy difference between the two states is transcend by E. When this energy difference is applied thither is a transition from the lower energy train to the higher energy level. There is now more nuclei in an anitparallel orientation. When using the RF pulse it has to be resonance with the Larmor frequency. As the RF energy is applied the nuclei will orient themselves in the anitparallel position, this results in more nuclei being in a higher energy state.(c)Classically the spin population states are divided into parallel and anitparallel what is the approximate population difference between these two states at 1.5T?In order to calculate the population difference use the larmor equation to find the frequency at 1.5 Tf = BWhere = 42.6 MHz/TB= 1.5 Tf = (42.6 x 10 6) (1.5)f= 63.9 x 106 secNow use the following equation E = hf to find the difference in population whereh is plancks constant which is 4.14 x 10- 15 eVsecf is 63.9 x 106 secE = hfE =4.14 x 10-15 )(63.9 x 10-6 sec)E = 2.65 x 10-7 eV(d) mention what is meant by the Free Induction Decay (FID) of the MR signalIn the rotating frame, the net magnetisation transmitter decays as spins lose contour coherence and begin to cancel each other out. They do this because they experience slightly dissimilar magnetic field strengths due to interaction between spins (via their own oscillating magnetic fields). Slightly different magnetic fields means slightly different precession (Larmor) frequencies. This causes some spins to resort behind the average, and some get ahead of the average. Eventually the spins point in arbitrary directions and the Mxy component of the net magnetisation vector is lost. This decaying, oscillating signal is the bountiful induction decay.1(e) Describe what is meant by spin-lattice relaxation. How is it described mathematically?One relaxation process involves a return of the protons to their original alignment with the static magnetic field. This process, called longitudinal or spin-lattice relaxation, is characterized by a time constant T1. The term spin-lattice refers to the interaction of the protons (spins) with their surroundings (the lattice or network of other spi ns). This interaction causes a net release of energy to the surroundings as the protons return to the lower energy state of alignment.2The spin- lattice relaxation is given by M_z=M_0 1-exp (-t/T_1) where M_z and M_0 components of the magnetisation vector and t is the time.(f) Describe what is meant by spin-spin relaxation. How is it described mathematically?Before a radio wave is applied, the precessional orientation of the protons isRandom. The application of a radio wave brings the protons into synchronous precession, or in phase. When the radio wave is switched off, the protons begin to interact with their neighbours and give up energy in random collisions. In so doing, they revert to a state of random phase. As the protons revert to random orientation, the bulk signal decreases because the magnetic moments tend to cancel each other. This process is called transverse or spin-spin relaxation and is characterized by a time constant T2.3The spin-spin relaxation is given by M_x, y=M _0 exp (-t/T2).(g) Using the spin retrieve sequence, describe how the timing parameters can be set to reflect T1, T2 and proton density in the reckon.Question 2 examine 2.1 Image given in assignment(i)What are the two user variable parameters pronounced as a and b? Explain briefly in general terms how a and b might be chosen to achieve different epitome contrast weightings.The user variable a is the echo time and b is the repetition time. When there is a gyp repetition time and short echo time the result will be a T1-weighted image. A long repetition time and short echo time will give a proton density image, and long repetition time and long echo time will give a T2-weighted image.(ii) Identify the gradients markedd. Explain what is illustrated by the cover horizontal military controls in this part of the diagram. What user variable parameter directly influences what is happening ind? Briefly relate this to total scan time.The gradients markedd represents the phase encode gradient. The user variable parameter that directly influences the phase encoding gradient is the frequency encoding gradient. The total scan time for a standard spin echo or gradient echo sequence is number of repetitions x the scan time per repetition (means the product of repetition time (TR), number of phase encoding steps, and NSA).4(iii)Identify the gradient e. If all other variables are considered fixed what user variable parameter would replace the strength of this applied gradient?The gradient is e is the slice up selection gradient. The user variable parameter that would change the strength of this applied gradient is the slice thickness parameter. The slice thickness is governed by the following equationthk = BWtrans / (0GS)Where thk is the slice thickness, BWtrans is the transmitted RF bandwidth (the range of frequencies it covers), 0 is the gyromagnetic ratio and GS is the magnitude of the slice selection magnetic field gradient. So, slice thickness is inversely prop ortional to GS increasing GS will yield a thinner imaging slice.5(iv) What is the waveform show in g? Give a brief explanation of how the signal from g is captured by the MR computer system and subsequently processed to form an image.The waveform g represents the echo signal received.Question 3(A) Describe briefly the physical basis of the following MRI artifactsTruncation or GibbsGibbs or truncation artefacts cram from going from a bright are to a dark area resulting in bright or dark lines which are present at parallel and adjacent borders where there is a sudden change in intensity. This type of artefact is associated with the number of steps used in the fourier transform to reconstruct the image . To minimize the effect of Gibbs or truncation artefacts more encoding steps are performed in order to lessen the intensity and narrow the artefacts.Figure 3.1 Diagram shows the Gibbs effect resulting from a Fourier transformation of a knowing change in image intensityZipperThere a re various causes for zipper artefacts in images. Most of them are related to hardware or software problems beyond the radiologist immediate control. The zipper artefacts that can be controlled easily are those due to RF entering the scanning room when the room access is open during acquisition of images. RF from some radio transmitters will cause zipper artefacts that are oriented perpendicular to the frequency axis of your image. Frequently there is more than one artefact line on an image from this cause. Other equipment and software problems can cause zippers in either axis.6Figure 3.2 When this image was interpreted the scanner room door was left field open during the acquisition causing the zipper artefacts shown.Chemical transpositionChemical shift arises from a variation in the resonance frequency due to the nuclear spin of protons in different environments like fat or water. Due to the magnetic shielding of different protons , will result in different resonance frequency a nd hence lead to miss registration of protons in the same slice during the fourier transform. The chemical shift artefact will appear as bright or dark band at the edge of the anatomy. High field strength increases the miss registration of the protons.Figure 3.3 In this image the chemical shift artefact is seen as a small bright line in front of the femoral bone.(b) In a magnetic field, fat precesses at a lower frequency that water giving rise to a Chemical shift. At 1.5T, the frequency difference is 210Hz. For an image matrix of 256 x 256 and a receive coil bandwidth of 16 kHz, calculate the size of the shift between water and fat in pixels.To find the chemical shift use the following equationsd = (n nref) x 106 / nrefBut know thatnref = gBoThe equation now be fathersd = (n nref) x 106 / gBowherenref is resonance frequencyg is gymagnetic ratio where g is 42.58 MHz/TBo is magnetic field strength where Bo is 1.5 Tn is resonance frequency of second componentd is chemical shift dif ferenceCan now put these values into the above equations. Given that the frequency difference is 220 Hzd = (n nref) x 106 / gBod= (220) x 106 / (42.58 x 106) (1.5)d= 3.44 ppmQuestion 4Using diagrams where appropriate, briefly describe k-space under the following headingsWhat does k-space representK space corresponds to a matrix of the MR data and represents the image before processing like fourier transforms are performed. Within k-space each line represents a measurement, with a separate line for varying phase gradients. A line of height 0 represents a line with no phase gradient.Figure 4.1 In this diagram, Kx represents frequency, Ky represents phase directions. Each measurement is positioned at a different Ky set up (height)How is k-space normally filledThe polarity and amplitude of the frequency and phase encoding gradients directly affect how k-space is filled. The amplitude of the frequency encoding gradients establish how far the k-space goes to the left or right and theref ore gives the field of view of the image in the frequency direction. Positive values go from left to right while ban values go from right to left.The amplitude of phase encoding gradient estimates how far up and down k-space is filled up and down in the phase direction and hence determines the field of view in this direction. Positive values fill the top half while the negative values fill the hind end half.What determines k-space co-ordinatesThe k-space location (kx and ky coordinates) of data is governed by the accumulated effect of gradient events and excitation pulses.7How does an absence of data in k-space affect the imageIf there is some envision missing in k-space this will result in a loss of resolution of the image.Question 5(a) Describe four important safety hazards in MRI.Static magnetic fieldsDepolarization can be caused by voltages induced in flowing blood and the movement of muscles in the heart which can be detected by an electrocardiogram. In order to minimize thi s effect the magnetic field strength kept withing the following limits. 2.5 T for body of patients 0.2 T for arms and hands of staff and 0.02 T for whole body of staff.Switching of the gradient magnetic fieldsInvoluntary muscular contraction, breathing difficulties and ventricular fibrillation arise from eddy currents induced in the body. MRI should not be performed on patients with implants, as it can cause harm to the patient. In the case of strong fields, prove sensations can be experienced by the patient while flashes of light can be present on the patients retina. Magnetic field build up is usually 1-5 Ts to avoid symptoms.Radiofrequency fieldsIn strong static fields, at high frequencies, heating can occur. The temperature should not rise above 1 mark Celsius on the patients skin. In order to minimize the heating affects the specific absorption ratio should not surpass 0.4 W/Kg and pulsed RF field should not go beyond 70 WMechanical attraction of ferromagnetic objectsThis cha nges with the square of the magnetic field and inverse of the distance. Metal objects are made into projectiles if they come into the fringe field. For this reason non-magnetic material should be used.(b)What is meant by SAR? Define the units used to measure this parameter.The Specific Absorption Rate is defined as the RF proponent absorbed per unit of mass of an object, and is measured in watts per kilogram (W/kg). The SAR describes the potential for heating of the patients tissue due to the application of the RF energy necessary to green groceries the MR signal. Inhomogeneity of the RF field leads to a local exposure where most of the absorbed energy is applied to one body region rather than the entire person, conduct to the concept of a local SAR.8What is the whole body limit?4 W/kg averaged over the whole body for any 15-minute period.9Which sequences are a particular concern and may give rise to radio-frequency effects?Radio frequency effects occur when a patient is exposed to static magnetic fields in MRI. The Radio frequency pulses mainly produce heat, which is absorbed by the body tissue. If the power of the RF radiation is very high, the patient may be heated too much. To avoid this heating, the limit of RF exposure in MRI is up to the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg whole body weight (can be different from country to country). For MRI safety reasons, the MRI machine starts no sequence, if the SAR limit is exceeded.10

The Work Of A Hotels Front Desk Staff Tourism Essay

The Work Of A Hotels social movement Desk Staff Tourism Es dictateWhen in a hotel at that place ar jobs for each levels where the preliminary daub charabanc job and responsibilities, suspensor conductors jobs and responsibilities, the seem desk representatives job and responsibilities, the wickedness auditor job and responsibilities, the cashiers jog and responsibilities. If only the job and responsibilities are done correctly the hotel volition be conquestful in the hotel industry. However if a poor job is done the hotel will face failure and bankruptcy there for it is key for the staff to execute there job and responsibilities to secure a successful business.Front Office ManagerThe foregoing position manager is in maneuver of claiming a high gear level of strength among whole the front role staff, to bewilder effective decisions regarding reservations policies and room assignments, and cross guest problems and complaints with courtesy and tact. The manager m oldiness also principal(prenominal)tain an open communicating between every other departments of the hotel. The front office manager moldinessiness assign duties to all staff members of the front office. He is in charge of preparing weekly influence schedules and shift assignments, scheduling regular staff meeting to make authoritative that staff understand what they contain to do and all the hotel policies. The manager must also hire and train all new employers, consistently all overview the proceeding of each the new staff members. The front office manager must also define the reservation policies and set quotas, aiming for maximum room occupancy. The manger must also monitor all arrivals, departures and cancellations. And setting policies for no-shows, early arrivals, and over booking.Assistant Front Office ManagerThe assistant front office manager is there to aid the department manager who is creditworthy for coordinating front desk personnel, monitoring all guests acco unts and payments, and authorized checks and credit procedures.Also the assistant manager may assist the front desk staff during high peak periods. Other duties of an assistant manager are to review reservation for the day and preparing daily room occupancy forecasts. For a manager an front office manager may birth prolong a lot of work to do so as a front office assistant manager he is to avail the manager with extra work that needs to be done. Along with helping desk staff if the are to many guests urgencying lodgeing. There for needing patience.Front Desk Representatives.Front desk representatives are the briny for who are al directions reminded to unendingly show to the personality of the hotel to all the guests, to be a front desk representative you must strong communion skills along with the index to work with people. Front desk representatives must use diplomacy, courtesy, and warmth in order to successfully make a guest feel welcome. They must also business deal wi th clients problems and complaints. Also to directly work with clients of the hotel. Working at the front desk they have an important role of assigning room and maintain maximum occupancy. The front desk is account equal for verifying reservation information, checking credit card identification and authorization, assigning rooms, and dispensing room keys. Other duties are to provide information about facilities and policies, handling special guest requests, such as photocopies, and gift purchases. A front desk representative must al vogues be polite warm and understanding around clients. Giving there full attention to customers. A customer does not like to be keept waiting. And also must highlight their experience in the hotel.The wickedness auditor.A night auditor has two jobs to do where first of all he must do all the jobs as a front office representative. Secondly he or she must prepare a machine balance report. Typically, a night auditors shifts run from 11 pm until 7 am. Wh en the front desk responsibility slackens usually the night auditor starts to audit or trace the posting of the previous days transactions to verify their accuracy. The main point is the night auditor must consider the total charges owed to the hotel and incurred by guests during the previous day. They must determine the daily balance. To be a night auditor one must be good with numbers pool along with having all the skills needed to be a front office representatives. A night auditor is one of the most tireing jobs in a hotel. Because work is based at night until early morning. As for most people wont want to work as a night auditor.CashiersThe cashiers are responsible for checking out departing clients, posting charges, verifying the guest check, and handling payments. Cashiers may also be required to assist other members of the front desk staff in the performance of their duties. And vice versa. Cashiers are responsible for verifying payments from customers who are about to chec k out. Also they must calculate the charges and presenting the guest check. They are considered members of the accounting department who coiffure to the accounting manager. And finally they have other duties, such as sorting mail, handlingguests communications, and coordinating room status and reports. A cashier is responsible for handeling all the income for a hotel so its necessary that a cashier is associationable about accounting. And also if asked to help the front office staff with their dutys so there for must have good people skills to be able to communicate sucessufly with a customer.Being a cashier one must always respecta customer along with acquire all your taskes fulfilled.ReservationistThe reservationist is responsible for handling advance room requests, determining availability, quoting rates, and documenting reservations. Reservation systems range from impartial forms that are organized like desk calendars to computer-based systems. A reservationist must have goo d knowledge of the rooms, rates, and hotel policies. In addition, arithmetic and computer skills may be required. A reservationist is responsible for reciving all reservations and dealing with the accordanly. But mst make sure that all reservations are below 70% because that is the limit that a hotel and reserve for customers. Because if a hotel reserves 100% of the hotel and most the guests dont come they will lose customers and income. A reservationist must know how to deal with a customer, say when when you can and know how to reject a customer if the hotel has already reserved 70% of rooms in the hotel. headphone OperatorA name operator is responsible for coordinating the use of the telephone system of a large hotel. An operator answers all incoming telephone calls and directs the callers to the appropriate guest room, department, or staff member. In addition, operators may be required to direct house calls placed from inside the hotel. Operators must have an up to date directo ry of the guests room assignments. This position requires oral communication skills, an efficient telephone technique, and attention to detail. A telephone is required to know how to transfer calls to all rooms in the hotel and know how to make house bound calls from within the hotel. A telephone operator must answer the phone with a smile express with a gental tone to all guests. It is important that a telephone operatormust have full knowledge on how to do his job.CONCLUSIONThe Work of a hotels front desk staff is important they are responsible of first impressions and must always treat guests like royalty. To do so they must always meet their jobs critiera where a front office manager is responsible for looking out on staff giving a weekly work schedule, high level of efficiency infront of all staff, be able to make decisions, and must always have communications with all deparments of the hotel. A assistant front office manager is to help the manager with tasks needed. Coordanat ing front desks opperations the assistant front desk manager has the responsibility to train all new employees. The front desk representative are the one who serve guests, they must always be polite and carry a smile at all times. Being a front desk representative you need be to able to communicate with customers successfully. The night auditor is responsible of 2 jobs first he is a front dest representative then when customers stop coming normaly around 1 he must calculate all income from the day. cashiers are the ones who deal with the money that guest pay before check out. The also can assists the front office representative with their work. They are considered as members of the accounting department. running(a) under the supervision of the accounting manager.Reservationist are basicly the ones who deal with reservations from customers. Determining availability, quoting rates and documenting reservations. The telephone operator is in charge of handeling all calls, and directing t he calls to guests rooms, staff members or department. The also may have to direct house calls placed from within the hotel.QUESTION 2Front office staffs must have certain skills to attract guests during the first impression. Write about Front Office staff skill in guest relations.INTRODUCTIONFront office staffs must have certain skills to attract guests during the first impression. Write about Front Office staff skill in guest relations.When working in a hotel as a front office representative you must have special skills to attract customers. From being able to have a good first impression, giving a smile to customers. Good interpersonal and communication with customers. being able handle stress properly. Having knowledge of phone lines, having knowledge of computers. Being polite and always showing warmth to all customers. Being polite, being courteous, having patience with all troubleing customers. Being helpful to all the customers. When having learned all these skills it will be easy to attract customers to the hotel. Being polite and warm to all customers. When all of these skills are used correctly for sure that all Customers will feel wanted and important by the hotel. Then wanting to come a throw out on holiday. Resulting in a successful hotel. All this is needed for a front office staff.When working in a hotel customers will want to feel like they are wanted by the hotel. Since customers are paying for their placate they will want the perfect service where all customers want to be able to stay their holiday in peace. To do so the staff must always show that they are wanted.A good first impression,A good first impression can go a long way. The way you dress, the way your hair is tied for girls, your hair style for guys, how u say hello to a customer. The way you present your self is important because a customer does not want to be served by roundone who looks unpresentable. So dressing correctly and having a decent hairstyle is important to attact customers. Therefor staff members must always have a correct reproducible on and is presentable to all customers. First impressions can also be seen from how you greet a customer. A simple hello and a smile would be enough. And must also remember regular customers by name. It makes them feel as if they are all wanted and remembered by the hotel. So making sure that all staff are dressed correctly and know how to greet a customer properly. Good interpersonal and communication with customers. Again all staff must be able to communicate with customers well. Making sure that the customers fully enjoy their stay. Being interpersonal and having good communication with all customers is important to have in a hotel to make it successful.Being able handle stress properly.Every staff member of a hotels front office must always remember that they must not show their personal problems inside the hotel. If in a bad mood or if maddened when a customer comes they must not show their emotions tow ards them. As for a argument might escalate. However if one has a personal problem that is serious to manipulate tell your supervisor to let u have a break or the day of. As for personal problems are part of keep and cant be helped. But if a small matter they wont. And you will have to hide your emotions inorder to satisfy the customer. And if a troubleing customer comes that might be naive or disrespectful one must always ignore what he/she says just to please the customer. Hold your emotions. Until later when can release them freely. So having control over stress and emotons is important for front office staffs. To ensure that customers are treated correctly and avoid any problems.Being polite and always showing warmth to all customers.When working in a hotel as a front office staff it is important to always be polite to all customers, politeness is one of the main things to remember when serving a customer. Being rude will show that the hotel does not care about the customers . Even when the customer is wrong the staff must always respect the customer and remember that the customer is always right. When outside ad out of uniform you can say what you want. But when inside of the hotel or wearing the uniform you must respect all customers and always be polite to all the customers.Showing warmth to customers is important being able to show the customer that they are wanted. Try void body contact a customers would not think well some some one they dont know hugging them. A simple thank you or a smile would be enough to show a customer that they are wanted in the hotel.Being courteous.Courtsy is a form of politeness saying that you for your stay will show your customer that their business is appreciated in a hotel. Always remember that inside a hotel staff must always show courtsy to all customers even if a customer is rude or abnoixous but they are all customers of the hotel and for a hotel to be a success the hotel must have customers so being courteous is important for a hotel. Every hotel must remember to make sure that their front office staff are show courtsy to all customers.Having patience with all troubleing customers.Patience is important for every employee in a hotel. If its being patient with your boss or more importantly being patient around a troubling customer. A customer way be annoying, rude, disrespectful or just an overall pain. But its the job of a front desk employee to make sure that the customer enjoys their stay. Patience is the key for success as they say. Every employee must be able to handle a customer, have patience with troubling customers and know how to treat all customers correctly.This having being verbalise every front office manager must always remember to train all staff in ways to communicate with customers to successfully gain their business. Every employee shold be miscellanea to all customers, talk in a soft tone to each and every customerAnd always make sure that the customer is pleased when c hecking into room and checking out. Make sure that their stay is a plesent one.CONCLUSIONEvery employee must have a special set of skills to make sure that a customers stay is plesent. So a manager must always make sure that the acting supervisor is coorectly training staff to handle customers correctly. By making sure that the employees all know how to communicate with a customer correctly and efficiently.Making sure that all employees are warm and kind hearted to all current and future customers, enable to sustain current customers and attract potential customers to the hotel. Making sure that customers have no complaints with employees attitude,A good first impression goes along way where all employees know how to dress correctly and look presentable to all customers for the hotel. Being presentable means having the correct uniform and a decent hairstyle nothing to crazy.Being able to handle stress is important to for all employees where they must not show their unhappy mood to c ustomers. Customers dont want to see your attitude.Being courteous to all customers is something every employee must remember. A customer is the income for a hotel. And the reason you work there. So always show customer courtsy.Being able to handle troubleing customers is important. Some time customers can be un-understanding, a employee need to be able to handel a troubling customer easily.Bibliogaphyhttp//www.ehow.com/facts_5538984_hotel-office-manager-job-description.htmlhttp//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Duties_and_responsibilities_of_front_office_manager_in_hotelhttp//www.paycheck.in/main/work-and-pay/women-paycheck/job-outlook-2/front-office-staff-receptionist-in-hotels-1http//www.wowjobs.co.za/job/Oops.aspx

The Godfather: Power :: essays research papers

PowerPeople have legion(predicate) different dreams, and many different ingredients for happiness. Some people pass on love, others lean towards money, it may be achieved through money, relationships, or even the misfortune of others, but why does power have the persuasion to change a person and what drives them to gain more?Mario Puzo, the author of The Godfather does an excellent job of showing the many outcomes that power has on people. He writes about Don Corleone, the head of the Corleone family whom has eternal power and influence throughout the east coast, yet he remains a respected business man and negotiates with his pupils rather than command them. Don Corleone was a man to whom everybody came to for helpit was not important that you had no means to repay himit was only required that you proclaim your friendship. He believed in good ties, and solid relationships. He used his power to advance his loved ones happiness. On the other hand, his rival, Solozzo, uses his power to strong-arm his followers and reign terror upon his foes. He relies on his allies for support and wields that power to pursued others to help him. Sonny will come after you with everything hes gotYou gotta talk some sense into him, the Tattalgia Family stands nates me with all their people.What is the deciding factor for ones outcome as a result of power? Some think it is like a dose that appearms to addict people, they constantly crave more. This would explain why people act so selfishly in order to acquire it. But is power a purely greedy emotion?For Don Corleone, it has brought out generosity and charity. He does favors for others, not expecting any in return. As a result of this he has obtained many new life long friends. I believe that the Don was a very giving man before he had his power. When analyzing these two characters you tend to see that Don Corleone has had strong morals throughout his life, morals that he will stick to.

student :: essays research papers

EuthyphroGood or bad, right or wrong, truth or lie, piety or impiety, just or unjust, honorable or dishonorable these controversies are and always have been problematic for hu soldiery beings. It is not as easy as it seems to draw a line between those antonyms, partly because people have cultural differences, dissimilar backgrounds, educational levels, values, believes, and views on religion, as in the occurrence with Socrates and Euthyphro. following(a) the conversation of Socrates and Euthyphro, it is obvious that Socrates is a philosopher who relies on his philosophic point of view and believes that it is not normal to pursue your own father for murder, if he killed a non- coitus. just vice versa, it is alright to press charges against your father, if the victim is a family member. As seen from Socratess proposition I suppose that the man whom your father murdered was one of your relative -- clearly he was for if he had been a stranger you would never have thought of prosecut ing him. He is not only surprised about Euthyphros intrust to bring his own father to court, but is also amazed that religion beliefs might be stronger then the relationship between father and son. On the contrary, Euthypro observes this case from a different point of view. For him it doesnt matter, who is the murderer The real question is whether the murdered man has been justly slain. If justly, then your duty is to let the matter totally but if unjustly, then even if the murderer lives under the same table, proceed against him. One can then ask What are the criteria for recognition of whether the murdered man has been justly or unjustly slain? Socrates was in court awaiting trial on charges of impiety. The philosopher sarcastically agrees to be Euthyphros disciple, when Euthyphro suggest that he has deep familiarity of religion and of things devotional and impious. It was important for Socrates to understand the difference between these terms, as he had to appear in court wit h justification of his actions (rash imagination and innovations in religion). along their debate, Socrates is little-by-little persuading Euthyphro that the distinction between just and unjust, piety and impiety, honorable and dishonorable is very ambiguous and depends on how it is viewed and by whom it is viewed. Socrates points out that things and actions are not necessarily pious and holy when loved by Gods, because even Gods were frequently involved in immoral acts and very often even quarreled with each other.

Endangered species Act :: essays research papers

We invite to put a stop to this and weaken the power that the Edangered Species behave hason us. People are getting laid off there jobs and millions of our tax dollars are being spenton the Endangered Species Act (ESA)all the time. Is it deserving all of this for theseendandered species. Must humans suffer and lose there jobs and houses over a fewinsects? Laws for the ESA are taking peoples property and attractiveing them becauseendangered species roll in the hay on their property.A person is legally barred from using certain measures to protect his propertyfrom protected wild animals. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and assert hunting bans,involves protected birds that feed on private crops or forage. Another situation, arisingunder the ESA, involves protected predators (wolves, grizzly bears) that kill privatelivestock that people have to make a living on. These people can not do a thing becauseof the ESA. So what do they do Just let their live stock or crops get eaten up by theseendangered species?The ESAs power is hurting us all the time. For enstance the construction of theSan Bernardino Medical Center in California was delayed for years because of a largeorange and black fly called the Delhi Sands flower-loving fly. In order for the MedicalCenter to be strengthened the City of San Bernardino had to spend $3,310,199 so eight flies couldlive. The site of the Hospital had to be moved 250 feet from it origanal location. Then theCity of San Bernardino had to spend another $480,000 for the study of the flies.I do not understand. These people rather benefactor out flies then ourselfs. They wantedto make a medical center. A center to help people, humanbeingget better. But what do wecare about more. Some Delhi Sands flower-loving fly. The ESA really target large property owners. In 1990 Brandt Child bought 500acres of property in Utah. The next year in 1991, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service toldhim he he could not build on his own property because the la kes on it were populate by200,000 federally protected thumbnail-sized Kanab ambersnails. Thats not all, After they found 10 domestic geeses near the lakes and ponds. Theytold Mr. Child that if any of the snails get eaten by the geese it was a $50,000 fine forevery sail. Mr. Child to this day is still out $2.5 million. Due to the fact that he cant usehis property, and the government refuses to compensate him for his loss.

Food Labeling :: essays research papers

IntroductionThere once was a time where words like "light" and "low-fat" on regimen packages that had no nutritional meaning. As a result, shoppers were often led to believe they were buying products that were more helpful than they really were. Nutrition panels on mark offs were also confusing and hard to read. But the Australia New Zealand sureness (ANZFA) changed all that. In March 2001 the ANZFA defined new standardized terms that appear on food labels such as "low-fat", "reduced" and "lean" to influence how food manufacturers could put their facts that are relevant to most of our dietary needs. This meaning that food labeling helps consumers to win the best possible food choice.What is a food label? What is on a food label?A food label is a source of advertising a food product. Manufacturers try their best to gather in their product food label as attractive as possible, by using bright colours, bold text, food claims, and a lot of i nformation. Too much(prenominal) information on a food label might have caused a lot of painful headaches for consumers but its all worth it, due to numerous health and nutrition problems. By law, manufacturers must abide by the standard code terms of what is put on their food label. By this, a food label must have no false claims or information, be in English and legible and easy to see. Also must contain a barcode, name of food, list of ingredients in descending order of weight, net weight, any additives in the food, country of origin, use of imported ingredients, name and address of manufacturer, date home run and nutrition panel if any claims are made.Food and Health claimsFood claims seemed to be marketing for a manufacturer, but now it is a warning to a consumers health. Some examples of claims are "low-fat", "lite", "light", "reduced", "%fat free" and "No added". The food industry is very keen to make health claims on food la bels, and the ANZFA has considered lifting the ban that stops them from doing so. Many disagreeable claims are made regarding the ability of nutrients to prevent certain diseases. Food manufacturers are now only allowed to make the following well-established claims concerning relationships between diet and disease Calcium and a reduced risk of osteoporosis. Fat and change magnitude risk of cancer. Saturated fat and cholesterol and an increased risk of heart disease. Fiber and a reduced risk of cancer.